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Mattis ullamcorper velit sed ullamcorper morbi tincidunt. Tortor posuere ac ut consequat semper viverra. Tellus mauris a diam maecenas sed enim ut sem viverra. Venenatis urna cursus eget nunc scelerisque viverra mauris in. Arcu ac tortor dignissim convallis aenean et tortor at. Curabitur gravida arcu ac tortor dignissim convallis aenean et tortor. Egestas tellus rutrum tellus pellentesque eu. Fusce ut placerat orci nulla pellentesque dignissim enim sit amet. Ut enim blandit volutpat maecenas volutpat blandit aliquam etiam. Id donec ultrices tincidunt arcu. Id cursus metus aliquam eleifend mi.

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Markdown: Syntax

Note: This document is itself written using Markdown; you can see the source for it by adding ‘.text’ to the URL.

Overview

Philosophy

Markdown is intended to be as easy-to-read and easy-to-write as is feasible.

Readability, however, is emphasized above all else. A Markdown-formatted document should be publishable as-is, as plain text, without looking like it’s been marked up with tags or formatting instructions. While Markdown’s syntax has been influenced by several existing text-to-HTML filters — including Setext, atx, Textile, reStructuredText, Grutatext, and EtText — the single biggest source of inspiration for Markdown’s syntax is the format of plain text email.

Block Elements

Paragraphs and Line Breaks

A paragraph is simply one or more consecutive lines of text, separated by one or more blank lines. (A blank line is any line that looks like a blank line — a line containing nothing but spaces or tabs is considered blank.) Normal paragraphs should not be indented with spaces or tabs.

The implication of the “one or more consecutive lines of text” rule is that Markdown supports “hard-wrapped” text paragraphs. This differs significantly from most other text-to-HTML formatters (including Movable Type’s “Convert Line Breaks” option) which translate every line break character in a paragraph into a <br /> tag.

When you do want to insert a <br /> break tag using Markdown, you end a line with two or more spaces, then type return.

Headers

Markdown supports two styles of headers, [Setext] [1] and [atx] [2].

Optionally, you may “close” atx-style headers. This is purely cosmetic — you can use this if you think it looks better. The closing hashes don’t even need to match the number of hashes used to open the header. (The number of opening hashes determines the header level.)

Blockquotes

Markdown uses email-style > characters for blockquoting. If you’re familiar with quoting passages of text in an email message, then you know how to create a blockquote in Markdown. It looks best if you hard wrap the text and put a > before every line:

This is a blockquote with two paragraphs. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Aliquam hendrerit mi posuere lectus. Vestibulum enim wisi, viverra nec, fringilla in, laoreet vitae, risus.

Donec sit amet nisl. Aliquam semper ipsum sit amet velit. Suspendisse id sem consectetuer libero luctus adipiscing.

Markdown allows you to be lazy and only put the > before the first line of a hard-wrapped paragraph:

This is a blockquote with two paragraphs. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Aliquam hendrerit mi posuere lectus. Vestibulum enim wisi, viverra nec, fringilla in, laoreet vitae, risus.

Donec sit amet nisl. Aliquam semper ipsum sit amet velit. Suspendisse id sem consectetuer libero luctus adipiscing.

Blockquotes can be nested (i.e. a blockquote-in-a-blockquote) by adding additional levels of >:

This is the first level of quoting.

This is nested blockquote.

Back to the first level.

Blockquotes can contain other Markdown elements, including headers, lists, and code blocks:

This is a header.

  1. This is the first list item.
  2. This is the second list item.

Here’s some example code:

return shell_exec("echo $input | $markdown_script");

Any decent text editor should make email-style quoting easy. For example, with BBEdit, you can make a selection and choose Increase Quote Level from the Text menu.

Lists

Markdown supports ordered (numbered) and unordered (bulleted) lists.

Unordered lists use asterisks, pluses, and hyphens — interchangably — as list markers:

is equivalent to:

and:

Ordered lists use numbers followed by periods:

  1. Bird
  2. McHale
  3. Parish

It’s important to note that the actual numbers you use to mark the list have no effect on the HTML output Markdown produces. The HTML Markdown produces from the above list is:

If you instead wrote the list in Markdown like this:

  1. Bird
  2. McHale
  3. Parish

or even:

  1. Bird
  2. McHale
  3. Parish

you’d get the exact same HTML output. The point is, if you want to, you can use ordinal numbers in your ordered Markdown lists, so that the numbers in your source match the numbers in your published HTML. But if you want to be lazy, you don’t have to.

To make lists look nice, you can wrap items with hanging indents:

But if you want to be lazy, you don’t have to:

List items may consist of multiple paragraphs. Each subsequent paragraph in a list item must be indented by either 4 spaces or one tab:

  1. This is a list item with two paragraphs. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Aliquam hendrerit mi posuere lectus.

    Vestibulum enim wisi, viverra nec, fringilla in, laoreet vitae, risus. Donec sit amet nisl. Aliquam semper ipsum sit amet velit.

  2. Suspendisse id sem consectetuer libero luctus adipiscing.

It looks nice if you indent every line of the subsequent paragraphs, but here again, Markdown will allow you to be lazy:

To put a blockquote within a list item, the blockquote’s > delimiters need to be indented:

To put a code block within a list item, the code block needs to be indented twice — 8 spaces or two tabs:

Code Blocks

Pre-formatted code blocks are used for writing about programming or markup source code. Rather than forming normal paragraphs, the lines of a code block are interpreted literally. Markdown wraps a code block in both <pre> and <code> tags.

To produce a code block in Markdown, simply indent every line of the block by at least 4 spaces or 1 tab.

This is a normal paragraph:

This is a code block.

Here is an example of AppleScript:

tell application "Foo"
    beep
end tell

A code block continues until it reaches a line that is not indented (or the end of the article).

Within a code block, ampersands (&) and angle brackets (< and >) are automatically converted into HTML entities. This makes it very easy to include example HTML source code using Markdown — just paste it and indent it, and Markdown will handle the hassle of encoding the ampersands and angle brackets. For example, this:

<div class="footer">
    &copy; 2004 Foo Corporation
</div>

Regular Markdown syntax is not processed within code blocks. E.g., asterisks are just literal asterisks within a code block. This means it’s also easy to use Markdown to write about Markdown’s own syntax.

tell application "Foo"
    beep
end tell

Span Elements

Markdown supports two style of links: inline and reference.

In both styles, the link text is delimited by [square brackets].

To create an inline link, use a set of regular parentheses immediately after the link text’s closing square bracket. Inside the parentheses, put the URL where you want the link to point, along with an optional title for the link, surrounded in quotes. For example:

This is an example inline link.

This link has no title attribute.

Emphasis

Markdown treats asterisks (*) and underscores (_) as indicators of emphasis. Text wrapped with one * or _ will be wrapped with an HTML <em> tag; double *’s or _’s will be wrapped with an HTML <strong> tag. E.g., this input:

single asterisks

single underscores

double asterisks

double underscores

Code

To indicate a span of code, wrap it with backtick quotes (`). Unlike a pre-formatted code block, a code span indicates code within a normal paragraph. For example:

Use the printf() function.

GFM

www.example.com, https://example.com, and contact@example.com.

Footnote

A note1

Another note2

Strikethrough

one or two tildes.

Table

firstsecondthirdfourth
1234
1234
1234
1234

Tasklist

Other

kbd

foo

A + ⌘

mark

this is marked

h1 Heading

h2 Heading

h3 Heading

h4 Heading

h5 Heading
h6 Heading

Horizontal Rules

Typographic replacements

Enable typographer option to see result.

(c) (C) (r) (R) (tm) (TM) (p) (P) +-

test.. test… test… test?… test!…

!!!!!! ???? ,, — ---

“Smartypants, double quotes” and ‘single quotes’

Emphasis

This is bold text

This is bold text

This is italic text

This is italic text

Strikethrough

Blockquotes

Blockquotes can also be nested…

…by using additional greater-than signs right next to each other…

…or with spaces between arrows.

Lists

Unordered

Ordered

  1. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet

  2. Consectetur adipiscing elit

  3. Integer molestie lorem at massa

  4. You can use sequential numbers…

  5. …or keep all the numbers as 1.

Start numbering with offset:

  1. foo
  2. bar

Code

Inline code

Indented code

// Some comments
line 1 of code
line 2 of code
line 3 of code

Block code “fences”

Sample text here...

Syntax highlighting

var foo = function (bar) {
  return bar++;
};

console.log(foo(5));

Tables

OptionDescription
datapath to data files to supply the data that will be passed into templates.
engineengine to be used for processing templates. Handlebars is the default.
extextension to be used for dest files.

Right aligned columns

OptionDescription
datapath to data files to supply the data that will be passed into templates.
engineengine to be used for processing templates. Handlebars is the default.
extextension to be used for dest files.

link text

link with title

Autoconverted link https://github.com/nodeca/pica (enable linkify to see)

Images

Minion Stormtroopocat

Like links, Images also have a footnote style syntax

Alt text

With a reference later in the document defining the URL location:

Plugins

The killer feature of markdown-it is very effective support of syntax plugins.

Emojies

Classic markup: :wink: :crush: :cry: :tear: :laughing: :yum:

Shortcuts (emoticons): :-) :-( 8-) ;)

see how to change output with twemoji.

Subscript / Superscript

<ins>

++Inserted text++

<mark>

==Marked text==

Footnotes

Footnote 1 link3.

Footnote 2 link4.

Inline footnote^[Text of inline footnote] definition.

Duplicated footnote reference4.

Footnotes

  1. Big note. ↩

    1. Big note.
    ↩

  3. Footnote can have markup

    and multiple paragraphs. ↩

  4. Footnote text. ↩ ↩2